You've been told that you'd just have to live with it.Fortunately, that is changing. Nevertheless, the Western medical community is still struggling with understanding the condition that is now being called Chronic Fatigue Immuno-deficiency Syndrome, or "CFIDS". It must be more than just a little discouraging when a new theory hits the news every couple of months. First, CFIDS is a form of depression, then it is a virus, then it is a hormonal problem, then it is neurological. Western medicine may never find one causal agent to attack in treating this disease. Instead, it may be prudent to look to traditional medicine for answers that escape the left brained logic of science.In fact, according to Western medicine, there is no test to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fatigue. This diagnosis can only be given after any other possibility has been ruled out.Then again, that rather depends on your doctor as well. Some simply refuse to use Chronic Fatigue as a diagnosis because it is, for them, a "garbage" diagnosis. A diagnosis for something that the doctor simply can't find. At least it is a step up from the "it’s all in your head" diagnosis that was more popular a few years ago.Treating chronic fatigue syndrome with acupuncture and Chinese herbal formula requires that we first understand the disease from the Chinese perspective. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) looks at the human body a little differently than conventional medicine.Looking at the human body and how it works from the Chinese perspective, it is easy to understand how chronic fatigue syndrome is responsible for the divergent symptoms that Western medicine has difficulty in bringing together with any sense of logic. It is common today to refer to this new perspective as a paradigm shift. It is looking at things a little differently than the conventional scientific fashion. With this done, we find answers to medical issues that had not been considered prior, and of course, we find new and effective treatments as well.An example of a paradigm shift is this simple optical illusion. Is this a vase, or two silhouettes staring at each other? It all depends on how you look at it.One way of explaining the vast majority of chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms from the Chinese medicine perspective is through one of four likely diagnosis. Damp heat, Latent heat, Qi deficiency or a Blood deficiency.The DiagnosisDamp HeatIn Chinese medicine, as in the English language, one can catch a cold. Its like cold air has gotten into your body and made you sick. In traditional Chinese medicine, one can also catch a heat, a damp, a wind or any combination of these. In the case of damp heat, we find a variety of signs and symptoms that all suggest a sort of turbidity in the body. We see infections with yellow pus; we see wet yellow liquids coming from the body in one form or another. That can include anything from too much ear wax to vaginal secretions, from acne to coughing up yellow phlegm. Having damp heat in your body does more than just produce some unsightly sores and liquids draining from the body, it also festers inside your body and produces some of the ongoing health issues associated with many conditions, one of which is CFIDS.Latent HeatIn the case of CFIDS that exhibits signs of a compromised immune system and others that I will describe later, we could easily look to an acute invasion of heat that was never fully overcome. What I mean by this is that one can get a really bad flu, or perhaps mononucleosis or any other viral invasion. In time, the body is able to overcome the acute invasion. But the heat isn't entirely overcome, and it lies semi-dormant for months and years following. It is the body's reaction to this semi-dormant virus that makes up some of the cases of CFIDS.Qi DeficiencyFirst, we should understand Qi energy. It is pronounced "chee." Sometimes it has spelled "chi." You could describe Qi as bioelectric energy. It has many associations with the functions of the nervous system as well, but still, Western medicine has not been able to discover anything in the body that resembles what Chinese culture has known about for thousands of years.Latent heat can lead to Qi deficiency, or some individuals may suffer from Qi deficiency because of different reasons. Sometimes there are no reasons specifically; it is just something that you were born with – a genetic predisposition.Blood DeficiencyBlood is the red fluid that courses through our bodies. I am capitalizing the word here because the function of Blood in Chinese medicine is a little different from blood in Western medicine. Although there is some overlap, Blood does many things from the Chinese medical perspective that blood does not do in the Western paradigm.According to ancient medical texts, Qi is the commander of Blood and Blood is the mother of Qi. The Qi pushes the Blood around the body and the Blood is the material from which Qi is made. Blood and Qi are reliant upon each other. When there is a Blood deficiency, it can be followed by and complicated with Qi deficiency. The above four syndromes are the key diagnosis that will likely give rise to so many of the typical cases of CFIDS. There are others, though they are less frequently encountered.The SymptomsSevere Fatigue • tired/sleepy • low grade fever • tired in the morning • fatigue with dizziness, worse in the afternoon Post Exertional Malaise (slight pain after activity) • fatigue aggravated by activity Impaired Memory or Concentration • feeling of cloudiness in brain • poor memory, inability to focus thoughts • feelings of fogginess in brain • inability to focus or concentrate Sore Throat - associated with... • yellow phlegm • chronic viral attack • frequent colds and flues • a dry throat Tender Neck or Armpit Lymph Nodes • chronic inflammation with frequent colds and flues Muscle/Joint Pain • heavy sensation in body • dull pain that migrates • dull pain that is fixed Headache • feels like there's a sash tied around the head • persistent empty feeling, worse in the morning or after exertion • pain in the whole head or the forehead • pain at the temples or surrounding the eyes, worse in the afternoon or evening Unrefreshing sleep • dream disturbed and restless sleep • awakens frequently • awakening in the early morning and unable to return to sleep • difficulty in falling asleep, the most common cause of insomnia Tremors of Extremities • associated with Qi unable to energize muscles • associated with dryness leading to internal wind which causes tremors TherapiesAcupuncture PointsFor any of the four given scenarios presented in this paper, there are quite a few acupuncture points that would likely be used. Generally, points are chosen in order to treat the root of the problem, for instance Qi deficiency. Other points are chosen for specific symptoms such as headache. The number of needles used varies widely based on the patient and the doctor. Some doctors routinely use 20+ needles. Others refuse to insert more than five. Neither method is superior to the other because each patient has unique needs and each doctor has their own therapeutic and diagnostic strengths. Which is best for you will be a matter of personal experience more than anything will.Damp HeatOne of the more typical points used to treat damp heat is a point, just below the knee known as Feng Long. Its the 40th point on the Stomach Channel. Feng Long translates to Abundant Ridge. It strengthens the digestion, which is one way in which dampness accumulates in the body, and it also has the effect of stimulating the body's metabolism in order to burn up the existing damp accumulation in the body.Latent HeatA point that is commonly used to clear heat, whether it is of an acute nature or something more chronic such as the heat that affects CFIDS patients, is Da Zhui (Big Hammer) or Governing Vessel point #14. This point is located just beneath the first thoracic spine. That is about where the upper back turns into the neck. A needle inserted there does not even get close to piercing the spine. It really cannot because there is too much bone and cartilage in the way. This point does, however, do an excellent job of releasing heat from the body, thus treating both high fevers and the chronic low grade fever of this particular syndrome.Qi DeficiencyThere are specific acupuncture points in the body that assist in the strengthening of the Qi energy. A few of these points are on the leg. One is called Zu San Li. That translates to "three mile point." It is said that needling this point a little below the knee will enable a tired soldier to march three more miles. At least, that is how it got its name. What it does do for anybody, regardless of his or her military affiliation, is give them more energy. Sometimes instantly, sometimes not.Blood DeficiencyOne of the more popular points to treat the Blood with acupuncture is found just above the ankle. It is called San Yin Jiao, or "three yin crossing." This is also called "Spleen 6" in the Western point-naming scheme. This point is the intersection of three channels that deal with body fluids. Needling it has the effect of enriching the amount of blood in the body.Herbs and Herbal FormulasWhen the name of a formula is given, you can obtain this formula in many ways. One is in the form of raw herbs that are taken home and steeped into a tea. Other practitioners or herbal pharmacies offer pre-made pills or capsules that contain the same ingredients as a tea, but you do not drink it, you just take it in pill or capsule form.Damp HeatGeneral symptoms:Lian Po Yin (Coptis Magnolia Decoction). There is a saying in China that says to put out a fire you must drink bitter herbs. Well, here they are. Very bitter too. It is a great formula, but not very delicious.There is a formula that comes close to Lian Po Yin that is available in many Chinese pharmacies that might serve the CFIDS patient if they haven't access to the specific raw herbs in Lian Po Yin. This formula in pill form (and sometimes liquid form too) is called Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan (Agastache Upright Qi Pill).Inflamed lymph nodes:These are sometimes considered phlegm nodules in Chinese medicine. When damp is left untreated, it can condense into what we call phlegm. One herb specific to these symptoms is Bei Mu (Bulbus Fritillariae). This herb both breaks up phlegm nodules as well as clears the heat, or the infection that gives rise to the swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck. One formula that might make sense would be Xiao Luo Wan (Reduce Scrofula Pill). This formula would effectively treat the infection as well as the swollen glands. This formula contains Bei Mu.Muscle pain:Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang (Stephania & Astragalus Decoction) is especially effective at treating the pains in the body that follow an accumulation of dampness in the joints. This formula strengthens the digestive system and dispels the damp accumulation that is settling into the joints and causing the pain.Latent HeatOne typical formula used for Latent type CFIDS is Zhi Shi Zhi Zi Tang (Citrus aurantium - Gardenia Decoction). It basically just clears heat.If you do not have access to raw herbs, look for the following product in Chinese herbal pharmacies: Qi Guan Yan Ke Sou Tan Chuan Wan (Bronchial Cough, Phlegm and Dyspnoea Pill). You do not have to have a cough to use this formula to your benefit.Qi DeficiencyFatigue:Liu Jun Zi Tang. (Six Gentlemen Decoction). It has six herbs in it that work synergistically to assist you in strengthening your Qi and taking care of a few other associated symptoms as well. This formula is also available in pre-made pills at Chinese herbal pharmacies under the name of Liu Jun Zi Wan (Six Gentleman Pills). Impaired memory or concentration, headache: Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Center, Benefit the Qi Decoction). This formula increases the amount of Qi in the body as well as lifts it up to the head. This formula is also available in ready-to-take pills at many Chinese herbal pharmacies. In the pre-made form, it is known as Bu Zhong Yi Qi Wan.Sore throat, tender neck or armpit lymph nodes:Yu Ping Feng San (Jade Windscreen Powder). When a body's Qi is deficiency, its ability to fight off infections is compromised and frequent colds and flues occur. The most common herb used for this condition is Huang Qi (Rx. Astragalis) which is found in a formula called Yu Ping Feng San (Jade Windscreen Powder). Huang Qi has been shown to be an excellent herb to increase the number of white blood cells, phagocytes and interferon in the body. All of these are important components to the immune system.Unrefreshing Sleep:An Shen Ding Zhi Wan (Calm the Mind and Settle the Will-Power Pill). This formula is used for Qi deficiency insomnia. This may look more like shallow sleep or being easily awakened during the night that leads to the sense that you are not getting enough sleep. This syndrome might also lead to one waking up in the very early hours of the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep.Blood DeficiencyGeneral symptoms:One typical formula for a deficiency of Blood in the body is Gui Pi Tang (Tonifying the Blood Decoction) which is available in a pre-made form under the name of Gui Pi Wan (Tonifying the Blood Pills). As is the case with the formulas for Qi, there is a great deal of subtlety that can assist you in better benefiting from Chinese herbal formulas, but Gui Pi Tang or Wan is a good place to start in any case.Muscle pain:When we have a stagnation of Blood, which can sometimes follow a deficiency of Blood, the pain is more fixed in location than the Qi stagnation pain that tends to migrate.There is one herb, Dang Gui (Rx. Angelicus) also known as Dang Kui, that does a good job of both strengthening and moving the Blood at the same time. It is rare that we use just one herb when it comes to any condition in Chinese medicine. However, if you do have this Blood deficiency type of CFIDS, adding Dang Gui to your life would probably be the best thing that you can take away from this article. It is readily available at most natural foods stores.Headaches:Blood deficiency headaches tend to be more fixed in location than the Qi deficiency headache. It often effects the very top of the head, or perhaps behind the eyes. It is often worse in the afternoon or evening. In women, you will see it occurring most often right after the period as the temporary blood loss aggravates the Blood deficiency of Blood.A nifty herbal combination for the treatment of headaches due to a deficiency of Blood is Dang Gui (Rx. Angelicae) and Chuan Xiong (Rx. Ligustici Wallicii). Insomnia: Gui Pi Tang (Tonifying the Spleen Decoction) is a popular formula to assist in both strengthening the blood as well as its ability to provide deep restful sleep. Many Chinese herbal pharmacies offer a pre-made pill called Gui Pi Wan (Tonifying the Spleen Pill).Tremors:In Chinese medicine, these are associated with the stirring of wind inside of the body. In the same way, that wind will shake leaves on a tree, so it is that internal wind will cause shaking and tremors in the body.When there is a deficiency of Blood, there is room in the vessels for this internal wind to get stirred up. Like the breeze that flows through an empty storm drain. Increasing the amount of blood in the body serves to treat this symptoms of tremors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome.The herb Tian Ma (Rx. Gastroidiae) is often added to herbal formulas for Blood deficiency with internal wind.ConclusionThe intent of this article is to give you some answers. However, each patient is unique. As any practitioner of Chinese medicine will tell you, it is very rare to find a patient who perfectly conforms to any one syndrome of those listed in this article. We are all a blend of a variety of factors and variables that requires of the practitioner the ability to wade through conflicting signs and symptoms in order to come up with a diagnosis and treatment that is perfectly suited for the individual patient.Chances are, if you suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, you will find that you have symptoms that suggest a little bit of all four syndromes listed in this article. The important part of the practitioner's job is to determine which condition is actually causing the problems that we in the West call chronic fatigue syndrome. If the root cause of the syndrome were a Qi deficiency, we would treat it one way. If the problem is mostly a Blood disease, we might attack the syndrome from another angle.Fact is, what I have written thus far about this syndrome is only scratching the surface. There are many layers of subtlety in Chinese medicine diagnosis that goes beyond the generalities that I have described in this article.Acupuncture serves to get the therapeutic ball rolling. It stimulates the appropriate organs systems to create more Qi and Blood in the body as well as addressing specific symptoms. Chinese herbal formulas continue the work on a daily basis from the inside out. There are other methods of strengthening the Qi and the Blood in the body as well. Lifestyle changes such as dietary considerations, meditations, yogas and Qi Gong, can all assist the chronic fatigue syndrome patient to overcome the Qi or Blood deficiency or other condition that has caused his or her symptoms.
Artice written by Al Stone
Thursday, December 4, 2008
Wednesday, November 26, 2008
Acupuncture and infertility
On its own, acupuncture can be seen as an alternative way of treating fertility problems. It is also often seen as a complementary therapy to modern fertility treatments. When used alone, though, acupuncture is probably most effective for those couples who are experiencing a functional problem, like irregular ovulation, rather than a structural problem, like a blockage in the sperm ducts. Some practitioners will also recommend Chinese herbs for infertility that will supplement the acupuncture and any other treatment you may be receiving. If you take herbs while receiving other medical treatments, be sure to tell your doctor. Some herbs can interfere with the function of fertility drugs and procedures.
Why acupuncture works for infertility problems is still debatable. However, most practicing acupuncturists say that acupuncture helps by regulating your body’s system. This aids in blood flow to the reproductive organs and stabilizes hormone levels. This in turn will increase ovarian function in women as well as sperm production in men.
Used as a complementary form of therapy for women undergoing other fertility treatments, acupuncture has been proven to be especially beneficial. Some believe that acupuncture works by helping women stay more relaxed through stressful fertility treatments. In particular, studies have shown that acupuncture definitely increases the rate of pregnancy in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).
A German study done in 2002 showed that of the 80 women who underwent IVF and received acupuncture, 34 women got pregnant, a success rate of 42.5%. Of the 80 women involved in the study who received IVF without any acupuncture treatments, only 21 women (26.3%) became pregnant. More recently, an American study involving 114 women showed that 51% of the women who had acupuncture and IVF treatments became pregnant versus only 36% of the women who had IVF alone. Deeper analysis of this study revealed that, while 8% of the women in the acupuncture group miscarried, the rate of miscarriage in the IVF-only group was 20%. Furthermore, women who received acupuncture also had lower rates of ectopic pregnancies.
Finding An AcupuncturistMany medical doctors utilize acupuncture in their everyday practice. These doctors need 200 to 300 hours of acupuncture training to be allowed to practice on people. There are many more professionals who specialize just in acupuncture. These individuals have between 2,000 and 3,000 hours of training and have completed board exams to receive their certification. Regardless of which type of professional you prefer, there are some things to keep in mind when deciding on who to see.
Always check that a potential acupuncturist has the appropriate training and certification as mandated by your state or province (the requirements can vary depending on where you live). Ask your friends and family if there is anyone they would recommend. And don’t forget to inquire about the cost of the treatment. Some insurance plans cover acupuncture treatments, so you may want to look into that as well.
Acupuncture is not a one-time procedure, though. You will need to see your acupuncturist once or twice a week for a series of weeks or possibly even months. A series of up to 12 treatments is normal. Each appointment will take about an hour and should include time for an exam and discussion of your current condition, things you can do yourself at home and any questions you may have.
Why acupuncture works for infertility problems is still debatable. However, most practicing acupuncturists say that acupuncture helps by regulating your body’s system. This aids in blood flow to the reproductive organs and stabilizes hormone levels. This in turn will increase ovarian function in women as well as sperm production in men.
Used as a complementary form of therapy for women undergoing other fertility treatments, acupuncture has been proven to be especially beneficial. Some believe that acupuncture works by helping women stay more relaxed through stressful fertility treatments. In particular, studies have shown that acupuncture definitely increases the rate of pregnancy in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).
A German study done in 2002 showed that of the 80 women who underwent IVF and received acupuncture, 34 women got pregnant, a success rate of 42.5%. Of the 80 women involved in the study who received IVF without any acupuncture treatments, only 21 women (26.3%) became pregnant. More recently, an American study involving 114 women showed that 51% of the women who had acupuncture and IVF treatments became pregnant versus only 36% of the women who had IVF alone. Deeper analysis of this study revealed that, while 8% of the women in the acupuncture group miscarried, the rate of miscarriage in the IVF-only group was 20%. Furthermore, women who received acupuncture also had lower rates of ectopic pregnancies.
Finding An AcupuncturistMany medical doctors utilize acupuncture in their everyday practice. These doctors need 200 to 300 hours of acupuncture training to be allowed to practice on people. There are many more professionals who specialize just in acupuncture. These individuals have between 2,000 and 3,000 hours of training and have completed board exams to receive their certification. Regardless of which type of professional you prefer, there are some things to keep in mind when deciding on who to see.
Always check that a potential acupuncturist has the appropriate training and certification as mandated by your state or province (the requirements can vary depending on where you live). Ask your friends and family if there is anyone they would recommend. And don’t forget to inquire about the cost of the treatment. Some insurance plans cover acupuncture treatments, so you may want to look into that as well.
Acupuncture is not a one-time procedure, though. You will need to see your acupuncturist once or twice a week for a series of weeks or possibly even months. A series of up to 12 treatments is normal. Each appointment will take about an hour and should include time for an exam and discussion of your current condition, things you can do yourself at home and any questions you may have.
Commonly used Chinese herbs and there uses
AN INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE HERBS
by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon
The herbal tradition of China is valued scientifically, as well as being a fascinating and popular tradition. Scientists working in China and Japan during the past four decades have demonstrated that the herb materials contain active components that can explain many of their claimed actions. Modern drugs have been developed from the herbs, such as treatments for asthma and hay fever from Chinese ephedra, hepatitis remedies from schizandra fruits and licorice roots, and a number of anticancer agents from trees and shrubs. Several popular formulations produced in China, called "patent medicines," are relied upon daily by millions of Chinese (in China and abroad), such as the Bupleurum Sedative Pills and Women's Precious Pills that invigorate the energy, nourish the blood, calm tension, and regulate menstruation, and Yin Chiao Jie Du Pian, which is a reliable treatment for the early stages of common cold, sore throat, and influenza.
More than three hundred herbs that are commonly used today have a history of use that goes back at least 2,000 years. Over that time, a vast amount of experience has been gained that has gone towards perfecting their clinical applications. According to Chinese clinical studies, these herbs, and others that have been added to the list of useful items over the centuries, can greatly increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatments, reduce their side-effects, and sometimes replace them completely.
In China, the two most common methods of applying herb therapies are to make a decoction (a strong tea that must be simmered for about an hour or more) and to make large honey-bound pills. Both of these forms meet with considerable resistance in Western countries. The teas are deemed too time-consuming, smelly, and awful-tasting to justify their use, and the honey pills (boluses) are sticky, difficult to chew, and bad tasting. Thus, modern forms that are more acceptable have been developed for most applications.
The two popular forms to replace the standard Chinese preparations are extract powders (or granules) and smooth, easy-to-swallow tablets or capsules. The extracts are made by producing a large batch of tea and then removing the water and producing a powder or tiny pellets; the resulting material is swallowed down with some water or mixed with hot water to make a tea. Tablets and capsules contain either powdered herbs or dried extracts or a combination of the two. Despite the convenience, one must take a substantial quantity of these prepared forms (compared to the amount of drugs one takes). For example, doses of the dried extracts range from 1-2 teaspoons each time, two to three times per day, and the tablets or capsules range from about 3-8 units each time, two to three times per day.
The herb materials used in all these preparations are gathered from wild supplies or cultivated, usually in China (some come from India, the Mid-East, or elsewhere). There are an estimated 6,000 species in use, including nearly 1,000 materials derived from animal sources and over 100 minerals, all of them categorized under the general heading "herbs." Herbs are processed in various ways, such as cleaning, soaking, slicing, and drying, according to the methods that have been reported to be most useful. These materials are then combined in a formulation; the ingredients and amounts of each item depend on the nature of the condition to be treated.
In some cases, a practitioner of Chinese medicine will design a specific formulation for an individual patient, which might be changed frequently over a course of treatment. In other cases, one or more formulas already prepared for ingestion without modification are selected for use. The outcome is monitored, and the determination of whether to continue the current formula, change to another, or discontinue use is made on the basis of actual versus desired outcomes and the obvious or subtle effects of using the herbs.
As a general rule, acute ailments (those that arise suddenly and are to be treated right away) are treated for a period of 1-30 days. If an outbreak of influenza or eruption of herpes virus is caught early enough, a one or two day treatment will prevent further development of the disease. In the case of acute active hepatitis causing jaundice, a treatment of 15-30 days may be necessary. For chronic diseases (those that have persisted for several months or years), the treatment time is often dependent on the dosage used and the ability of the individual to undertake all necessary steps to overcome the disease (perhaps changing diet, lowering stress, and increasing exercise). When a high-dosage therapy is applied, most chronic ailments can come under control (and some are cured) by a treatment of about three months duration. If the daily dosage is lowered (because of inability to take the higher doses), the treatment time increases-perhaps to 6-12 months. Examples of chronic ailments are autoimmune disorders and degenerative diseases associated with aging. In some cases, herbs are taken daily, for an indefinite period, just as some drugs are taken daily. This is typically the situation when there are genetic disorders or permanent damage that cannot be entirely reversed, problems of aging, and ailments that have been left for too long without effective treatment.
The main reason that more Westerners are turning to Chinese herbs rather than local herbs is because of the vast scope of experience in using the Chinese materials. In every province of China, there are large schools of traditional Chinese medicine, research institutes, and teaching hospitals, where thousands of practitioners each year gain training in the use of herbs. The written heritage of Chinese medicine is quite rich. Ancient books are retained, with increasing numbers of commentaries. New books are written by practitioners who have had several decades of personal experience or by compilers who scan the vast diverse modern literature and arrange the results of clinical trials into neat categories.
American practitioners are usually trained at any one of about 45 colleges in the U.S., with a three- or four-year series of courses that include basic Oriental medical theory, acupuncture, and herb prescribing. Certification is offered at the national level and licensing or registration is offered now by most states. Many doctors from China have come to the U.S. and currently offer professional services throughout the country, but most often in the larger cities. Continuing education is provided through numerous symposia offered by the colleges and professional organizations devoted to Oriental medicine. Often, these meetings focus on the treatment of specific diseases or training in the use of a specialized acupuncture technique or valuable herb formula.
Chinese herbs are provided in the U.S. as food supplements, not as drugs. Thus, they are not strictly regulated by the FDA except for monitoring the cleanliness of manufacturing facilities (for those materials made in the U.S.; for the imported items, FDA monitors only the listing of ingredients to help ensure no toxic herbs are being used). Random testing of crude herb materials and herb products made in the U.S. indicate that they are free of harmful bacteria and chemical contaminants. Imported products must be used with some caution, as some of them are problematic, yet get past the investigators. There are a few patent remedies that are labeled with only herb ingredients, but also contain several Western drugs. Some patents from China contain only Western drugs (and say so on the box, in Chinese), but purchasers may be unaware of this because they are told only that this is an effective remedy that came from China. Thus, imported Chinese herb products should be taken solely on the basis of a prescription from a trained health professional.
Adverse responses to Chinese herbs are monitored at the Institute for Traditional Medicine through its contacts with numerous practitioners around the country and subscriptions to technical journals published in China and Japan. Negative interactions with Western drugs have not been noted for any of the common herb materials when used in the normal dosage range. A few people experience allergic reaction to individual herbs, a problem that often cannot be predicted in advance since these are idiosyncratic responses. A more common reaction is a gastro-intestinal response, which might include constipation or diarrhea, nausea or bloating. Such reactions may occur if the individual has poor digestive functions, or if the herbal formula is not quite right for the needs of the individual. Taking the herbs at a different time in relation to meals may be helpful in resolving some of the gastro-intestinal reactions. In a few cases, use of Chinese herb formulas may cause dizziness, headache, agitation, sleepiness, hungry feeling, lowered appetite, sensation of heat or cold, or other sensory reactions. If such responses persist after about three days of using the herbs, it may be necessary to change formulas.
Successful treatments based on the application of Chinese herbs are also monitored at the Institute. However, most American practitioners find themselves too busy (because of the small number of practitioners in this country) to prepare detailed reports of their successful cases; thus, it is necessary to rely primarily on the large-scale clinical trials conducted in China for the purpose of learning about the success rates. Such clinical reports, published in the Chinese language, are abstracted and published in English by the Chinese University of Hong Kong. These reports, and other translated materials, are compiled by the Institute and sent to practitioners in a variety of formats, including a technical series called Clinical Tips. Trials supported by the Institute for Traditional Medicine in the U.S. that have generated successful outcomes include treatment of HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and endometriosis.
Following are some examples of common ingredients of Chinese formulas that have become widely used because of their reliable action, the quick results usually experienced, and the diversity of therapeutic activities that can be obtained from each. These reviews serve as examples of what Chinese doctors must know. It will be noted that the dosage range is often very large, reflecting various uses and different methods of application.
FIFTEEN COMMONLY-USED CHINESE HERBS
Astragalus (huangqi)
The long tap roots of astragalus are, today, the most commonly used herb material in China. Astragalus normalizes immune responses (used for immune deficiency, allergies, and autoimmunity), benefits digestive functions, and treats disorders of the skin from burns to carbuncles. Astragalus is used as a promoter of the functions of several other herbs, such as salvia and tang-kuei (mentioned below). It is used in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis, for chronic colitis, senility, and cardiovascular diseases. Cancer patients who take this herb can often avoid the white blood cell deficiencies (leukopenia) that occur with chemotherapy. The root is rich in polysaccharides and flavonoids that produce the beneficial effects. Astragalus may be used by itself, usually as a liquid extract, or in combination with other herbs in the form of teas, pills, or tablets. Dosage is from 1-60 grams per day, depending on the application and form. Caution: some individuals may experience flatulence and abdominal bloating from use of astragalus.
Atractylodes (baizhu)
The rhizomes of atractylodes are considered very important to the treatment of digestive disorders and problems of moisture accumulation. The herb helps move moisture (and nutrients) from the digestive tract to the blood, reducing problems of diarrhea, gas, and bloating, and helps move moisture from the body tissues to the bladder for elimination, alleviating edema. The herb is frequently included in tonic prescriptions, and the herb is rarely used by itself. Dosage is from 200 milligrams in capsules and tablets to 15 grams per day in the form of decoction. Caution: persons suffering from a hot and dry condition may experience worsening of those symptoms if large amounts of atractylodes are used.
Bupleurum (chaihu)
The thin roots of bupleurum are one of the most frequently used herbs in the Japanese practice of Oriental medicine. Doctors in Japan have found it useful in the treatment of liver diseases, skin ailments, arthritis, menopausal syndrome, withdrawal from corticosteroid use, nephritis, stress-induced ulcers, and mental disorders. The roots are rich in saponins that reduce inflammation and regulate hormone levels. The herb is not used by itself, but rather in formulas with about four to twelve ingredients, made as teas, pills, or tablets. Dosage ranges from a few hundred milligrams of powder to about 15 grams in tea per day. Caution: some individuals may experience dizziness or headaches from use of bupleurum.
Cinnamon (guizhi and rougi)
The twigs (guizhi) and bark (rougi) of this large tropical tree are said to warm the body, invigorate the circulation, and harmonize the energy of the upper and lower body. Modern studies demonstrate that cinnamon reduces allergy reactions. Traditionally, cinnamon twig is used when the peripheral circulation is poor and cinnamon bark is used when the entire body is cold. If the upper body is warm and the lower body is cold, then cinnamon will correct the imbalance. Cinnamon is usually cooked together with other herbs to make a warming tea, or powdered with other herbs to make a pill or tablet that regulates circulation of blood. Dosage is 0.3-3 grams of bark and up to 9 grams of twig per day. Caution: large amounts of cinnamon are irritating to the liver and should not be used by those with inflammatory liver disorders.
Coptis (huanglian)
This rhizome (underground stem) is one of the most bitter herbs used in Chinese medicine. It is rich in alkaloids that inhibit infections and calm nervous agitation; it is usually combined with other bitter-tasting herbs, such as phellodendron, scute, and gardenia, to promote these actions. Examples of its many uses include treatment of skin diseases, intestinal infections, hypertension, and insomnia. Coptis is a close relative of an extremely bitter and very useful American herb, goldenseal. Because of its taste, coptis is most often used in the form of pills or tablets. Typical dosage is from a few hundred milligrams of powder to 3 grams in decoction per day. Caution: regular use of coptis in large dosage may cause diarrhea.
Ginger (jiang)
The fibrous rhizome of this herb is highly spicy and said to benefit digestion, neutralize poisons in food, ventilate the lungs, and warm the circulation to the limbs. Today, ginger is commonly used as a spice in cooking; as a medicine it has been shown helpful in counteracting nausea from various causes including morning sickness, motion sickness, and food contamination. Many herbalists use ginger in the treatment of cough (it acts as an expectorant) and common cold. Ginger is used in making teas and the powder is encapsulated for easy consumption. Typical dosage is from a few milligrams used as an assistant in herb formulas to about 3 grams per day in making decoctions. Instant tea granules (sugar or honey base) are available. Caution: persons who suffer from dryness-dry cough, thirst, dry constipation, etc.-may find that ginger worsens the condition.
Ginseng (renshen)
The root has long been cherished as a disease-preventive and a life preserver. It calms the spirit, nourishes the viscera, and helps one gain wisdom. Modern applications include normalizing blood pressure, regulating blood sugar, resisting fatigue, increasing oxygen utilization, and enhancing immune functions. Traditionally, the root is cooked in a double boiler to make a tea, used either alone or with several other herbs. Today, teas can be made quickly from carefully prepared extracts in liquid or dry form; ginseng powder is made into tablets or encapsulated, and ginseng formulas are available in numerous forms for easy consumption. Typical dosage is 0.5-3.0 grams. Higher doses may be used over the short term for specific therapeutic actions: in China 30 grams is recommended to treat shock (sudden hypotension). Caution: excessive consumption of ginseng can lead to nervousness and may produce hormonal imbalance in women.
Hoelen (fuling)
This herb is a large fungus that grows on pine roots. It is used to alleviate irritation of the gastro-intestinal system and, like atractylodes, it helps transport moisture out of the digestive system into the blood stream and from the various body tissues to the bladder. When bits of the pine root are included in the herb material it is called fushen; the combination of the fungus and pine produces a mild sedative action. This herb, because it is quite mild, is mostly used in making decoctions or dried decoctions, with a dosage equivalent of about 10-15 grams per day. The herb is non-toxic and rarely causes any adverse effects.
Licorice (gancao)
The roots have an extremely sweet taste (but are also bitter) and are said to neutralize toxins, relieve inflammation, and enhance digestion. In Europe, a drug has been made from licorice extract that heals gastric ulcers. Licorice is used by Chinese doctors in the treatment of hepatitis, sore throat, muscle spasms, and, when baked with honey, for treatment hyperthyroidism and heart valve diseases. Traditionally, licorice is thought to enhance the effectiveness of herb formulas and is used to moderate the flavor of herb teas; as a result, it is found in about one-third of all Chinese herb prescriptions. Licorice powder is encapsulated for easy consumption or mixed with other herbs and tableted. Dosage is from very small amounts (a few hundred milligrams) to 15 grams per day in decoction used to treat viral hepatitis. Caution: excessive consumption of licorice over an extended period to time can cause sodium/potassium imbalance with symptoms of tachycardia and/or edema.
Ma-huang (mahuang)
The stem-like leaves when taken in a dose of several grams stimulate perspiration, open the breathing passages, and invigorate the central nervous system energy. It has been shown that most of these effects are due to two alkaloid components, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, both of them having been made into modern drugs (for asthma and sinus congestion, respectively). In addition, the stimulating action of ma-huang has led to its use as a metabolic enhancer (burns calories more quickly) for those who are trying to lose weight. Ma-huang also has anti-inflammatory actions useful in treating some cases of arthralgia and myalgia. Ma-huang can be made into a tea, or used in extract form; powdered ma-huang is rarely used. Dosage range is 1-9 grams/day, usually in two or three divided doses. Caution: the stimulant effect of ma-huang can cause insomnia and agitation; persons with very high blood pressure may find this symptom worsened by use of ma-huang.
Peony (baishao and chihshao)
The root of this common flower is used to regulate the blood. It relaxes the blood vessels, reduces platelet sticking, nourishes the blood, and promotes circulation to the skin and extremities. The root of both wild and cultivated peonies are used. The wild peony yields "red peony" (chihshao) a fibrous root that is especially used for stimulating blood circulation. The cultivated peony yields "white peony" (baishao) a dense root that nourishes the blood. Peony is often combined with tang-kuei, licorice, or other herbs mentioned here to enhance or control their effects. The dosage range is from 0.5-15 grams per day. Peony rarely causes any adverse reactions.
Rehmannia (dihuang)
The root of this herb is a dark, moist herb that is extensively used to nourish the blood and the hormonal system. It is frequently used in the treatment of problems of aging, because of its ability to restore the levels of several declining hormones. There are two forms of the herb that are currently used: one, designated shengdihuang or raw rehmannia, is given to reduce inflammation and is included in many formulas for autoimmune disorders; the other is designated shoudihuang or cooked rehmannia, and is used as a nourishing tonic. Often, the two forms are combined together in equal proportions to address inflammatory problems that are related to the lack of adequate levels of regulating hormones. The herb is mainly used in making decoctions or dried decoctions, with a dosage of 10-30 grams per day. Caution: persons with weak digestion and tendency to experience loose stool or diarrhea may find that this herb, especially cooked rehmannia, worsens those symptoms.
Rhubarb (dahuang)
This large root was one of the first herbs that the Western world imported from China. It serves as a very reliable laxative, and also has other benefits: enhancing appetite when taken before meals in small amounts, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain in cases of injury or inflammation, and inhibiting intestinal infections. Rhubarb also reduces autoimmune reactions. The impact of rhubarb is influenced by how it is prepared; if it is cooked for a long period of time, the laxative actions are reduced but other actions are retained. Typical dosage is 0.5-3 grams per day. Caution: rhubarb, alone or in formulas, should not be used by those with irritable bowel conditions, as it may cause cramping and diarrhea.
Salvia (danshen)
The deep red roots of this Chinese sage plant have become an important herb during the past two decades even though it was used for centuries before that. It is applied in almost all cases where the body tissues have been damaged by disease or injury; thus, it is given for post-stroke syndrome, traumatic injury, chronic inflammation and/or infection, and degenerative diseases. It is best known for its ability to promote circulation in the capillary beds-the so-called microcirculation system. In addition, salvia lowers blood pressure, helps reduce cholesterol, and enhances function of the liver. It may be consumed alone or with other herbs, in wines, teas, pills, or tablets; dosage is 1-20 grams per day. Salvia rarely causes any adverse reactions.
Tang-kuei (danggui)
The root has been long respected as a blood-nourishing agent. It has its highest rate of use among women because tang-kuei will help to regulate uterine blood flow and contraction, but when employed in complex formulas it can be used by both men and women to nourish the blood, moisten the intestines, improve the circulation, calm tension, and relieve pain. Tang-kuei is frequently said to have estrogenic effects, but this is not a valid claim. The recommended dosage for tang-kuei is 0.5-9 grams per day. Tang-kuei may be made as a tea or cooked with chicken to make soup (the taste is quite strong), but it is often used today as a powder, encapsulated or made into tablets, alone or with other herbs. Caution: some individuals find that tang-kuei causes nausea or loose stool.
EXAMPLES OF HERB COMBINING TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
An ancient formula prescribed for the initial stage of an infectious disease is Cinnamon Combination. It includes cinnamon, peony, licorice, and ginger. It is said that the cinnamon (twig) and peony coordinate the circulation at the surface of the body (where disease is believed to enter) and relaxes tense muscles. Ginger and licorice improve the digestive functions and improve the body's healing energy. An ancient formula used to treat chronic illness is Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination. It includes astragalus, ginseng, atractylodes, hoelen, licorice, cinnamon, tang-kuei, peony, and rehmannia. Astragalus, ginseng, atractylodes, hoelen, and licorice promote digestive functions, increase the energy, nourish the internal organs, and enhance weakened immune responses. Cinnamon (bark) warms up the weakened metabolism. Tang-kuei, peony, and rehmannia nourish the blood. Another ancient formula, used for a variety of diseases and function disorders, is Minor Bupleurum Combination. It includes bupleurum, ginseng, ginger, hoelen, and licorice. Bupleurum harmonizes the circulation between the internal organs and the body surface, it alleviates stress in the chest and abdomen, and it reduces inflammation. As indicated above, ginseng, ginger, hoelen, and licorice benefit the digestive processes and increase energy.
All of these formulas are widely used today, often by making some slight modifications to address the particular needs of the individual or the characteristics of the disease. For example, Cinnamon Combination (with appropriate modifications) has been used in Chinese clinical trials for treatment of frostbite, pernicious vomiting of pregnancy, and appendicitis. Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination has been applied to treatment of side-effects of cancer therapy and for prevention of cancer recurrence after successful treatment. Minor Bupleurum Combination is one of the formulas frequently given in cases of chronic hepatitis B infection, and it is also used for inflammation of the stomach and panccreas
by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon
The herbal tradition of China is valued scientifically, as well as being a fascinating and popular tradition. Scientists working in China and Japan during the past four decades have demonstrated that the herb materials contain active components that can explain many of their claimed actions. Modern drugs have been developed from the herbs, such as treatments for asthma and hay fever from Chinese ephedra, hepatitis remedies from schizandra fruits and licorice roots, and a number of anticancer agents from trees and shrubs. Several popular formulations produced in China, called "patent medicines," are relied upon daily by millions of Chinese (in China and abroad), such as the Bupleurum Sedative Pills and Women's Precious Pills that invigorate the energy, nourish the blood, calm tension, and regulate menstruation, and Yin Chiao Jie Du Pian, which is a reliable treatment for the early stages of common cold, sore throat, and influenza.
More than three hundred herbs that are commonly used today have a history of use that goes back at least 2,000 years. Over that time, a vast amount of experience has been gained that has gone towards perfecting their clinical applications. According to Chinese clinical studies, these herbs, and others that have been added to the list of useful items over the centuries, can greatly increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatments, reduce their side-effects, and sometimes replace them completely.
In China, the two most common methods of applying herb therapies are to make a decoction (a strong tea that must be simmered for about an hour or more) and to make large honey-bound pills. Both of these forms meet with considerable resistance in Western countries. The teas are deemed too time-consuming, smelly, and awful-tasting to justify their use, and the honey pills (boluses) are sticky, difficult to chew, and bad tasting. Thus, modern forms that are more acceptable have been developed for most applications.
The two popular forms to replace the standard Chinese preparations are extract powders (or granules) and smooth, easy-to-swallow tablets or capsules. The extracts are made by producing a large batch of tea and then removing the water and producing a powder or tiny pellets; the resulting material is swallowed down with some water or mixed with hot water to make a tea. Tablets and capsules contain either powdered herbs or dried extracts or a combination of the two. Despite the convenience, one must take a substantial quantity of these prepared forms (compared to the amount of drugs one takes). For example, doses of the dried extracts range from 1-2 teaspoons each time, two to three times per day, and the tablets or capsules range from about 3-8 units each time, two to three times per day.
The herb materials used in all these preparations are gathered from wild supplies or cultivated, usually in China (some come from India, the Mid-East, or elsewhere). There are an estimated 6,000 species in use, including nearly 1,000 materials derived from animal sources and over 100 minerals, all of them categorized under the general heading "herbs." Herbs are processed in various ways, such as cleaning, soaking, slicing, and drying, according to the methods that have been reported to be most useful. These materials are then combined in a formulation; the ingredients and amounts of each item depend on the nature of the condition to be treated.
In some cases, a practitioner of Chinese medicine will design a specific formulation for an individual patient, which might be changed frequently over a course of treatment. In other cases, one or more formulas already prepared for ingestion without modification are selected for use. The outcome is monitored, and the determination of whether to continue the current formula, change to another, or discontinue use is made on the basis of actual versus desired outcomes and the obvious or subtle effects of using the herbs.
As a general rule, acute ailments (those that arise suddenly and are to be treated right away) are treated for a period of 1-30 days. If an outbreak of influenza or eruption of herpes virus is caught early enough, a one or two day treatment will prevent further development of the disease. In the case of acute active hepatitis causing jaundice, a treatment of 15-30 days may be necessary. For chronic diseases (those that have persisted for several months or years), the treatment time is often dependent on the dosage used and the ability of the individual to undertake all necessary steps to overcome the disease (perhaps changing diet, lowering stress, and increasing exercise). When a high-dosage therapy is applied, most chronic ailments can come under control (and some are cured) by a treatment of about three months duration. If the daily dosage is lowered (because of inability to take the higher doses), the treatment time increases-perhaps to 6-12 months. Examples of chronic ailments are autoimmune disorders and degenerative diseases associated with aging. In some cases, herbs are taken daily, for an indefinite period, just as some drugs are taken daily. This is typically the situation when there are genetic disorders or permanent damage that cannot be entirely reversed, problems of aging, and ailments that have been left for too long without effective treatment.
The main reason that more Westerners are turning to Chinese herbs rather than local herbs is because of the vast scope of experience in using the Chinese materials. In every province of China, there are large schools of traditional Chinese medicine, research institutes, and teaching hospitals, where thousands of practitioners each year gain training in the use of herbs. The written heritage of Chinese medicine is quite rich. Ancient books are retained, with increasing numbers of commentaries. New books are written by practitioners who have had several decades of personal experience or by compilers who scan the vast diverse modern literature and arrange the results of clinical trials into neat categories.
American practitioners are usually trained at any one of about 45 colleges in the U.S., with a three- or four-year series of courses that include basic Oriental medical theory, acupuncture, and herb prescribing. Certification is offered at the national level and licensing or registration is offered now by most states. Many doctors from China have come to the U.S. and currently offer professional services throughout the country, but most often in the larger cities. Continuing education is provided through numerous symposia offered by the colleges and professional organizations devoted to Oriental medicine. Often, these meetings focus on the treatment of specific diseases or training in the use of a specialized acupuncture technique or valuable herb formula.
Chinese herbs are provided in the U.S. as food supplements, not as drugs. Thus, they are not strictly regulated by the FDA except for monitoring the cleanliness of manufacturing facilities (for those materials made in the U.S.; for the imported items, FDA monitors only the listing of ingredients to help ensure no toxic herbs are being used). Random testing of crude herb materials and herb products made in the U.S. indicate that they are free of harmful bacteria and chemical contaminants. Imported products must be used with some caution, as some of them are problematic, yet get past the investigators. There are a few patent remedies that are labeled with only herb ingredients, but also contain several Western drugs. Some patents from China contain only Western drugs (and say so on the box, in Chinese), but purchasers may be unaware of this because they are told only that this is an effective remedy that came from China. Thus, imported Chinese herb products should be taken solely on the basis of a prescription from a trained health professional.
Adverse responses to Chinese herbs are monitored at the Institute for Traditional Medicine through its contacts with numerous practitioners around the country and subscriptions to technical journals published in China and Japan. Negative interactions with Western drugs have not been noted for any of the common herb materials when used in the normal dosage range. A few people experience allergic reaction to individual herbs, a problem that often cannot be predicted in advance since these are idiosyncratic responses. A more common reaction is a gastro-intestinal response, which might include constipation or diarrhea, nausea or bloating. Such reactions may occur if the individual has poor digestive functions, or if the herbal formula is not quite right for the needs of the individual. Taking the herbs at a different time in relation to meals may be helpful in resolving some of the gastro-intestinal reactions. In a few cases, use of Chinese herb formulas may cause dizziness, headache, agitation, sleepiness, hungry feeling, lowered appetite, sensation of heat or cold, or other sensory reactions. If such responses persist after about three days of using the herbs, it may be necessary to change formulas.
Successful treatments based on the application of Chinese herbs are also monitored at the Institute. However, most American practitioners find themselves too busy (because of the small number of practitioners in this country) to prepare detailed reports of their successful cases; thus, it is necessary to rely primarily on the large-scale clinical trials conducted in China for the purpose of learning about the success rates. Such clinical reports, published in the Chinese language, are abstracted and published in English by the Chinese University of Hong Kong. These reports, and other translated materials, are compiled by the Institute and sent to practitioners in a variety of formats, including a technical series called Clinical Tips. Trials supported by the Institute for Traditional Medicine in the U.S. that have generated successful outcomes include treatment of HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and endometriosis.
Following are some examples of common ingredients of Chinese formulas that have become widely used because of their reliable action, the quick results usually experienced, and the diversity of therapeutic activities that can be obtained from each. These reviews serve as examples of what Chinese doctors must know. It will be noted that the dosage range is often very large, reflecting various uses and different methods of application.
FIFTEEN COMMONLY-USED CHINESE HERBS
Astragalus (huangqi)
The long tap roots of astragalus are, today, the most commonly used herb material in China. Astragalus normalizes immune responses (used for immune deficiency, allergies, and autoimmunity), benefits digestive functions, and treats disorders of the skin from burns to carbuncles. Astragalus is used as a promoter of the functions of several other herbs, such as salvia and tang-kuei (mentioned below). It is used in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis, for chronic colitis, senility, and cardiovascular diseases. Cancer patients who take this herb can often avoid the white blood cell deficiencies (leukopenia) that occur with chemotherapy. The root is rich in polysaccharides and flavonoids that produce the beneficial effects. Astragalus may be used by itself, usually as a liquid extract, or in combination with other herbs in the form of teas, pills, or tablets. Dosage is from 1-60 grams per day, depending on the application and form. Caution: some individuals may experience flatulence and abdominal bloating from use of astragalus.
Atractylodes (baizhu)
The rhizomes of atractylodes are considered very important to the treatment of digestive disorders and problems of moisture accumulation. The herb helps move moisture (and nutrients) from the digestive tract to the blood, reducing problems of diarrhea, gas, and bloating, and helps move moisture from the body tissues to the bladder for elimination, alleviating edema. The herb is frequently included in tonic prescriptions, and the herb is rarely used by itself. Dosage is from 200 milligrams in capsules and tablets to 15 grams per day in the form of decoction. Caution: persons suffering from a hot and dry condition may experience worsening of those symptoms if large amounts of atractylodes are used.
Bupleurum (chaihu)
The thin roots of bupleurum are one of the most frequently used herbs in the Japanese practice of Oriental medicine. Doctors in Japan have found it useful in the treatment of liver diseases, skin ailments, arthritis, menopausal syndrome, withdrawal from corticosteroid use, nephritis, stress-induced ulcers, and mental disorders. The roots are rich in saponins that reduce inflammation and regulate hormone levels. The herb is not used by itself, but rather in formulas with about four to twelve ingredients, made as teas, pills, or tablets. Dosage ranges from a few hundred milligrams of powder to about 15 grams in tea per day. Caution: some individuals may experience dizziness or headaches from use of bupleurum.
Cinnamon (guizhi and rougi)
The twigs (guizhi) and bark (rougi) of this large tropical tree are said to warm the body, invigorate the circulation, and harmonize the energy of the upper and lower body. Modern studies demonstrate that cinnamon reduces allergy reactions. Traditionally, cinnamon twig is used when the peripheral circulation is poor and cinnamon bark is used when the entire body is cold. If the upper body is warm and the lower body is cold, then cinnamon will correct the imbalance. Cinnamon is usually cooked together with other herbs to make a warming tea, or powdered with other herbs to make a pill or tablet that regulates circulation of blood. Dosage is 0.3-3 grams of bark and up to 9 grams of twig per day. Caution: large amounts of cinnamon are irritating to the liver and should not be used by those with inflammatory liver disorders.
Coptis (huanglian)
This rhizome (underground stem) is one of the most bitter herbs used in Chinese medicine. It is rich in alkaloids that inhibit infections and calm nervous agitation; it is usually combined with other bitter-tasting herbs, such as phellodendron, scute, and gardenia, to promote these actions. Examples of its many uses include treatment of skin diseases, intestinal infections, hypertension, and insomnia. Coptis is a close relative of an extremely bitter and very useful American herb, goldenseal. Because of its taste, coptis is most often used in the form of pills or tablets. Typical dosage is from a few hundred milligrams of powder to 3 grams in decoction per day. Caution: regular use of coptis in large dosage may cause diarrhea.
Ginger (jiang)
The fibrous rhizome of this herb is highly spicy and said to benefit digestion, neutralize poisons in food, ventilate the lungs, and warm the circulation to the limbs. Today, ginger is commonly used as a spice in cooking; as a medicine it has been shown helpful in counteracting nausea from various causes including morning sickness, motion sickness, and food contamination. Many herbalists use ginger in the treatment of cough (it acts as an expectorant) and common cold. Ginger is used in making teas and the powder is encapsulated for easy consumption. Typical dosage is from a few milligrams used as an assistant in herb formulas to about 3 grams per day in making decoctions. Instant tea granules (sugar or honey base) are available. Caution: persons who suffer from dryness-dry cough, thirst, dry constipation, etc.-may find that ginger worsens the condition.
Ginseng (renshen)
The root has long been cherished as a disease-preventive and a life preserver. It calms the spirit, nourishes the viscera, and helps one gain wisdom. Modern applications include normalizing blood pressure, regulating blood sugar, resisting fatigue, increasing oxygen utilization, and enhancing immune functions. Traditionally, the root is cooked in a double boiler to make a tea, used either alone or with several other herbs. Today, teas can be made quickly from carefully prepared extracts in liquid or dry form; ginseng powder is made into tablets or encapsulated, and ginseng formulas are available in numerous forms for easy consumption. Typical dosage is 0.5-3.0 grams. Higher doses may be used over the short term for specific therapeutic actions: in China 30 grams is recommended to treat shock (sudden hypotension). Caution: excessive consumption of ginseng can lead to nervousness and may produce hormonal imbalance in women.
Hoelen (fuling)
This herb is a large fungus that grows on pine roots. It is used to alleviate irritation of the gastro-intestinal system and, like atractylodes, it helps transport moisture out of the digestive system into the blood stream and from the various body tissues to the bladder. When bits of the pine root are included in the herb material it is called fushen; the combination of the fungus and pine produces a mild sedative action. This herb, because it is quite mild, is mostly used in making decoctions or dried decoctions, with a dosage equivalent of about 10-15 grams per day. The herb is non-toxic and rarely causes any adverse effects.
Licorice (gancao)
The roots have an extremely sweet taste (but are also bitter) and are said to neutralize toxins, relieve inflammation, and enhance digestion. In Europe, a drug has been made from licorice extract that heals gastric ulcers. Licorice is used by Chinese doctors in the treatment of hepatitis, sore throat, muscle spasms, and, when baked with honey, for treatment hyperthyroidism and heart valve diseases. Traditionally, licorice is thought to enhance the effectiveness of herb formulas and is used to moderate the flavor of herb teas; as a result, it is found in about one-third of all Chinese herb prescriptions. Licorice powder is encapsulated for easy consumption or mixed with other herbs and tableted. Dosage is from very small amounts (a few hundred milligrams) to 15 grams per day in decoction used to treat viral hepatitis. Caution: excessive consumption of licorice over an extended period to time can cause sodium/potassium imbalance with symptoms of tachycardia and/or edema.
Ma-huang (mahuang)
The stem-like leaves when taken in a dose of several grams stimulate perspiration, open the breathing passages, and invigorate the central nervous system energy. It has been shown that most of these effects are due to two alkaloid components, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, both of them having been made into modern drugs (for asthma and sinus congestion, respectively). In addition, the stimulating action of ma-huang has led to its use as a metabolic enhancer (burns calories more quickly) for those who are trying to lose weight. Ma-huang also has anti-inflammatory actions useful in treating some cases of arthralgia and myalgia. Ma-huang can be made into a tea, or used in extract form; powdered ma-huang is rarely used. Dosage range is 1-9 grams/day, usually in two or three divided doses. Caution: the stimulant effect of ma-huang can cause insomnia and agitation; persons with very high blood pressure may find this symptom worsened by use of ma-huang.
Peony (baishao and chihshao)
The root of this common flower is used to regulate the blood. It relaxes the blood vessels, reduces platelet sticking, nourishes the blood, and promotes circulation to the skin and extremities. The root of both wild and cultivated peonies are used. The wild peony yields "red peony" (chihshao) a fibrous root that is especially used for stimulating blood circulation. The cultivated peony yields "white peony" (baishao) a dense root that nourishes the blood. Peony is often combined with tang-kuei, licorice, or other herbs mentioned here to enhance or control their effects. The dosage range is from 0.5-15 grams per day. Peony rarely causes any adverse reactions.
Rehmannia (dihuang)
The root of this herb is a dark, moist herb that is extensively used to nourish the blood and the hormonal system. It is frequently used in the treatment of problems of aging, because of its ability to restore the levels of several declining hormones. There are two forms of the herb that are currently used: one, designated shengdihuang or raw rehmannia, is given to reduce inflammation and is included in many formulas for autoimmune disorders; the other is designated shoudihuang or cooked rehmannia, and is used as a nourishing tonic. Often, the two forms are combined together in equal proportions to address inflammatory problems that are related to the lack of adequate levels of regulating hormones. The herb is mainly used in making decoctions or dried decoctions, with a dosage of 10-30 grams per day. Caution: persons with weak digestion and tendency to experience loose stool or diarrhea may find that this herb, especially cooked rehmannia, worsens those symptoms.
Rhubarb (dahuang)
This large root was one of the first herbs that the Western world imported from China. It serves as a very reliable laxative, and also has other benefits: enhancing appetite when taken before meals in small amounts, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain in cases of injury or inflammation, and inhibiting intestinal infections. Rhubarb also reduces autoimmune reactions. The impact of rhubarb is influenced by how it is prepared; if it is cooked for a long period of time, the laxative actions are reduced but other actions are retained. Typical dosage is 0.5-3 grams per day. Caution: rhubarb, alone or in formulas, should not be used by those with irritable bowel conditions, as it may cause cramping and diarrhea.
Salvia (danshen)
The deep red roots of this Chinese sage plant have become an important herb during the past two decades even though it was used for centuries before that. It is applied in almost all cases where the body tissues have been damaged by disease or injury; thus, it is given for post-stroke syndrome, traumatic injury, chronic inflammation and/or infection, and degenerative diseases. It is best known for its ability to promote circulation in the capillary beds-the so-called microcirculation system. In addition, salvia lowers blood pressure, helps reduce cholesterol, and enhances function of the liver. It may be consumed alone or with other herbs, in wines, teas, pills, or tablets; dosage is 1-20 grams per day. Salvia rarely causes any adverse reactions.
Tang-kuei (danggui)
The root has been long respected as a blood-nourishing agent. It has its highest rate of use among women because tang-kuei will help to regulate uterine blood flow and contraction, but when employed in complex formulas it can be used by both men and women to nourish the blood, moisten the intestines, improve the circulation, calm tension, and relieve pain. Tang-kuei is frequently said to have estrogenic effects, but this is not a valid claim. The recommended dosage for tang-kuei is 0.5-9 grams per day. Tang-kuei may be made as a tea or cooked with chicken to make soup (the taste is quite strong), but it is often used today as a powder, encapsulated or made into tablets, alone or with other herbs. Caution: some individuals find that tang-kuei causes nausea or loose stool.
EXAMPLES OF HERB COMBINING TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
An ancient formula prescribed for the initial stage of an infectious disease is Cinnamon Combination. It includes cinnamon, peony, licorice, and ginger. It is said that the cinnamon (twig) and peony coordinate the circulation at the surface of the body (where disease is believed to enter) and relaxes tense muscles. Ginger and licorice improve the digestive functions and improve the body's healing energy. An ancient formula used to treat chronic illness is Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination. It includes astragalus, ginseng, atractylodes, hoelen, licorice, cinnamon, tang-kuei, peony, and rehmannia. Astragalus, ginseng, atractylodes, hoelen, and licorice promote digestive functions, increase the energy, nourish the internal organs, and enhance weakened immune responses. Cinnamon (bark) warms up the weakened metabolism. Tang-kuei, peony, and rehmannia nourish the blood. Another ancient formula, used for a variety of diseases and function disorders, is Minor Bupleurum Combination. It includes bupleurum, ginseng, ginger, hoelen, and licorice. Bupleurum harmonizes the circulation between the internal organs and the body surface, it alleviates stress in the chest and abdomen, and it reduces inflammation. As indicated above, ginseng, ginger, hoelen, and licorice benefit the digestive processes and increase energy.
All of these formulas are widely used today, often by making some slight modifications to address the particular needs of the individual or the characteristics of the disease. For example, Cinnamon Combination (with appropriate modifications) has been used in Chinese clinical trials for treatment of frostbite, pernicious vomiting of pregnancy, and appendicitis. Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination has been applied to treatment of side-effects of cancer therapy and for prevention of cancer recurrence after successful treatment. Minor Bupleurum Combination is one of the formulas frequently given in cases of chronic hepatitis B infection, and it is also used for inflammation of the stomach and panccreas
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